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Philosophy Index
This section updated August 2006
Lectures, Talks & Discussions Toronto Western Philosophy Club
Conversation Cafés & Socrates Cafés in Toronto
Conversation Café
Philosophy Talks at UofT
Humanist Discussions & Talks at OISE
Philosophy Meetup
Other Meetups
Toronto Debating Society
Philosophy Lectures in Canada
Lectures in UofT
Intelligence Tests, Positive Thinking & Maturity Criteria Mensa Canada
HighIQ Society
Chuck's Roadblocks to Happiness and How to Overcome Them
Driesen's Emotional Maturity Criteria
Definitions Yahoo Philosophy Directory
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Philosophy in Cyberspace
EpistemeLinks
Time Periods in Western Philosophy

This section updated June 23, 2006
Branches of Philosophy
Aesthetics definition, directory
Epistemology definition, directory
Rationalist, Empiricist, Kantian
Ethics Metaethics Ethical intuitionism
Ethical naturalism
Ethical subjectivism
Non-cognitivism
Moral skepticism
Normative Ethics Aretaic Turn Theories Virtue ethics
Consequentialism Individualist Ethical egoism (Ethical hedonism & Non-hedonistic ethical egoism)
Collectivist Consequentialism: Utilitarianism Negative utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism, vs. rule utilitarianism (Bentham)
Preference utilitarianism
Happiness, or well-being, of other species (Animal Protectionism, Peter Singer)
Combinations with other ethical schools
Deontological Ethics Act Deontology Situational Ethics (prima facie Imperative Theory), Existentialist Ethics
Rule Deontology Divine Command Theory
Contractarianism (Contractualism)
Kant: The Categorical Imperative
Kantian Sentient-Rights Theories Tom Regan
Julian H. Franklin
Other Sentient-Rights Theories Gary Francione
Relativism & Subjectivism Ethical relativism
Ethical subjectivism (Emotivism)
Ethical nihilism
Social contract theory
Altruism
Descriptive Ethics Value theory, Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Applied Ethics Abortion, legal and moral issues, Animal rights, Bioethics, Business ethics, Criminal justice, Environmental ethics, Feminism, Gay rights, Just war theory, Medical ethics, Utilitarian ethics, Utilitarian Bioethics
Metaphysics definition, directory, metaphysics selector
Ontology, Philosophy of religion, Philosophy of mind, Philosophy of perception
Some Metaphysical Positions Materialism
Naturalism
Idealism
Process Philosophy
Ontological Monism & Pluralism
Universals
Logic definition, directory

This section updated August 10, 2005
Logical Fallacies
(from Stephen's Guide to the Logical Fallacies)
Fallacies of Distraction False Dilemma
Argument from Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)
Slippery Slope
Complex Question
Appeals to Motive in Place of Support Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)
Appeal to Pity (argumentum ad misercordiam)
Appeal to Consequences
Prejudicial Language
Appeal to Popularity (argumentum ad populum)
Changing the Subject Attacking the Person (argumentum ad hominem)
Appeal to Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam)
Anonymous Authorities
Style Over Substance
Inductive Fallacies Hasty Generalization
Unrepresentative Sample
False Analogy
Slothful Induction
Fallacy of Exclusion
Fallacies Involving Statistical Syllogisms Accident
Converse Accident
Causal Fallacies Coincidental Correlation (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
Joint Effect
Genuine but Insignificant Cause
Wrong Direction
Complex Cause
Missing the Point Begging the Question (petitio principii)
Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi, An argument in defense of one conclusion proves another)
Straw Man
Fallacies of Ambiguity Equivocation
Amphiboly
Accent
Category Errors Composition
Division
Non-Sequitur Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Inconsistency
Syllogistic Fallacies Fallacy of the Four Terms (quaternio terminorum)
Undistributed Middle
Illicit Major
Illicit Minor
Fallacy of Exclusion
Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion From a Negative Premise
Existential Fallacy
Fallacies of Explanation Subverted Support
Non-Support
Untestability
Limited Scope
Limited Depth
Fallacies of Definition Too Broad
Too Narrow
Failure to Elucidate
Circular Definition
Conflicting Conditions

This Section Updated October 9, 2005
Time Periods in Western Philosophy
Ancient Pre-Socratics Thales of Miletus (c.635BC-543 BC)
Anaximander (609BC/610BC-c.547BC)
Pythagoras of Samos [V] (582BC-496BC)
Heraclitus of Ephesus (c.535BC-475BC)
Xenophanes (c.565BC/570BC)
The Eleatics Parmenides of Elea (5th century BC), Zeno of Elea (c.495BC-c.430BC), Melissus
Leucippus (5th century), Democritus (c.460BC-), Epicurus [V] (341BC-270BC) & other Atomists
Protagoras (481BC-) and the Sophists
Socratics / Platonists / Aristotelians Socrates [V] (470BC-399BC)
Plato [V] (c.427BC-c.347BC)
Aristotle [V] (384BC-322BC)
Theophrastus [V] (c.372BC)
Plutarch [V] (46-120)
Later Hellenistic Cynicism ( Antisthenes [V], Diogenes Apolloniates [V])
Hedonism
Eclecticism
Neo-Platonism (Plotinus [V], Porphyry [V])
Skepticism
Stoicism (Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Annaeus Seneca [V])
Medieval Early Middle (Dark) Ages St Augustine of Hippo (354-430)
Early Scholasticism (1100 - 1250) Pierre Abélard (1079-1142)
Gilbert de la Porrée
Arab and Jewish Thought Moses Maimonides [V]
High Scholasticism (1250-1350) Saint Bonaventura (John of Fidanza) (1221), Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), John Duns Scotus (c.1266-1308), William of Ockham (c.1285-1349)
Late Scholasticism (1350 - 1500) Marsilius of Padua (1270-1342)
Renaissance (14th-16th Centuries) Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Francisco Suarez (1548-1617)
Renaissance Humanism / definition Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) [V]
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (1533-1592) [V]
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
Modern (1600-1800) Early Modern (17th Century) British Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes
Continental Rationalism Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz
Enlightenment Era (18th Century) British Empiricism John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Richard Price, Adam Smith, Francis Hutcheson
Continental Kant Life and Works, Critical Philosophy (1), Critical Philosophy (2), Varieties of Judgement (Analytic / Synthetic), Mathematics, Natural Science, Experience & Reality (Analogies of Experience, Phenomena / Noumena, Metaphysical Ideas & Transcendental Ideas, Transcendental Idealism, The Limits of Reason), The Moral Order (From Good Will to Universal Law, Categorical Imperative, Autonomy of the Will, Third Critique)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau [V]
Voltaire [V]
Pierre Bayle
Denis Diderot
19th Century Hegelianism GWF Hegel, Karl Marx, Ludwig Feuerbach
Romanticism & pre-Existentialism Friedrich Nietzsche
Arthur Schopenhauer
Soren Kierkegaard
American Pragmatism William James, John Dewey, C.S. Peirce
Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau [V]
Ralph Waldo Emerson [V]
Early Classical Liberalism John Stuart Mill
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley [V]
Herbert Spencer
Jeremy Bentham [V] Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Chapter 17: Of The Limits of The Penal Branch of Jurisprudence, Section 1: Limits between Private Ethics and the art of Legislation, Part IV: The art of government: that is, of legislation and administration, Note
20th Century Phenomenology Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, Alexius Meinong
Moral Realism David Brink, John McDowell, Peter Railton, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Michael Smith, Thomas Nagel
Existentialism Blaise Pascal, Soren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Stirner, Emmanuel Levinas, Gabriel Marcel, Karl Jaspers, Henri Bergson, Peter Wessel Zapffe, Franz Kafka [V]
Postmodern Philosophy Jurgen Habermas, Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault
Analytic Philosophy & Gottlob Frege Logical Empiricism  
Logical Atomism  
Logicism  
Logical Positivism Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, AJ Ayer, Carl Hempel, Rudolf Carnap, Karl Popper, Moritz Schlick, C.L. Stevenson
Ordinary Language Philosophy Ludwig Wittgenstein, John Wisdom, Gilbert Ryle, J. L. Austin, Peter Strawson

This Section Updated July 19, 2006
Religion / Religious Philosophies Index
Religions of the World BeliefNet
Religious Movements
Shared Belief in the "Golden Rule" - Ethics of Reciprocity
Worldwatch - Religious Environmentalism
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Animism Abenaki, Akamba, Akan, Aleut, Ashanti, Australian Aborigine, Aztec, Blackfoot, Bushongo, Chippewa, Chukchi, Creek, Crow, Dahomey, Dinka, Efik, Evenk, Guarani, Haida, Hawaiian, Huron, Ibo, Inuit, Iroquois, Isoko, Khoikhoi, Kwakiutl, Lakota, Leni, Lenape, Lotuko, Lugbara, Maori, Micronesian, Navaho, Nootka, Pawnee, Polynesian, Pygmy, Salish, Seneca, Tsimshian, Tumbuka, Ute, Winnebago, Yoruba, Yukaghir, Zulu, Zuni
Some Modern Neopagans
Animatism Melanesians
Panpsychism Early, Modern
Esotericism & Esoteric Knowledge Magic, Occultism, Scientology, Kabbalah (related to Judaism), Esoteric Buddhism
Mysticism Mithraism, Gnosticism, Rosicrucians, Freemasons & Co-Masons (Le Droit Humain)
Theosophy & G. I. Gurdjieff,
Anthroposophy (includes Anthroposophy's educational branch Waldorf/Steiner schools, agricultural branch Biodynamic agriculture & medical branch Anthroposophical medicine)
New Age (aka New Age Spirituality) Reference Reference.com, Wikipedia, ReligiousTolerance.org, csicop
Constituent Elements / Elements Borrowed From 1) Mystical traditions of most mainstream world religions
2) Early roots in Transcendentalism, Mesmerism, Swedenborgianism, and various early Western esoteric or occult traditions (such as the Hermetic arts of Astrology, Magic, Alchemy, & Cabbala)
3) Later roots in Spiritualism, Theosophy, some forms of New Thought / the Metaphysical movement, Shamanism, Neopaganism, Occultism, Anthroposophy, and spiritual movements of Neo-paganism & Transpersonal Psychology
Famous/Influencial New Age Writers American trance-diagnostician Edgar Cayce, British neo-Theosophist Alice Bailey, Scotland's early intentional New Age community The Findhorn Foundation, Russian Theosophists Nicholas Roerich and Helena Roerich, former German Theosophist Rudolf Steiner (Anthroposophy), Brazil's Spiritualist writer Allan Kardec, channelers Jane Roberts (Seth) & J.Z. Knight (Ramtha), Helen Shucman (A Course In Miracles), James Redfield (The Celestine Prophecy), Marlo Morgan (Mutant Message Down Under), Neale Donald Walsch (Conversations With God), Shirley MacLaine (Out on a Limb),
and contemporary New Age Writers: Andrew Cohen, Michael Sharp, David Spangler, Benjamin Creme, Barry Long, Da Free John, Ram Dass, Louise L. Hay, Caroline Myss, Marianne Williamson, Leonard Orr, Carlos Castaneda, Rajneesh, Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi, Wayne Dyer, Mary Manin Morrissey, Tony Samara, Deepak Chopra, Neale Donald Walsch, Carlos Seeker, Hisham Kabbani, Kabir Helminski, Linda Goodman, Ken Wilber, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Nisargadatta Maharaj, Eckhart Tolle (The Power of Now)
Theism Polytheism Shamanism
Central American empires of the Mayas & Aztecs and the South American empire of the Incas
Jainism [V] white-clad Svetambaras
sky-clad Digambaras
Neo- Paganism Wicca Details, Gardnerian Wicca, Alexandrian Wicca, Dianic Wicca, Seax-Wica, Faery Wicca
Heathenism (Asatru/Odinism)
Celtic Druidism (details)
Slavic Mythology
Shinto
Ancient Greeks
Ancient Romans
Henotheism Hinduism
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (partly Monotheistic)
Monotheism Abrahamic Religions Rastafarianism
Islam Sunni
Shi'a
Sufi
Wahhabi
Judaism Orthodox
Conservative
Reform
Vegetarian [V]
Christianity Western Liturgical Family Roman Catholicism (and Catholic Orders: Augustinians - O.S.A., Barnabites - C.R.S.P., Benedictines - O.S.B. [V?], Bernardines, Brothers of the Christian Schools (Lasallian Brothers or Christian Brothers) - F.S.C., Bridgitines - C.S.B., Carmelites - O.C., O.C.D., O.C.D.S. [V?], Carthusians - O.Cart., Celestines, Cistercians - O.Cist. [V?], Divine Word Missionaries - D.V.M., Dominicans - O.P., Franciscans - O.F.M. [V?], Institute of Charity (Rosminians) - I.C., Jesuits - S.J., Little Sisters of the Poor, Congregation of the Holy Cross - C.S.C., Missionaries of Charity - M.C., Missionaries of the Sacred Heart - M.S.C., Norbertines - C.R.P., Oblates Of Mary Immaculate - O.M.I., Passionists - C.P., Piarists - S.P., Redemptorists - C.SS.R., Resurrectionists - C.R., Salesians of Don Bosco - S.D.B., Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Mercy - R.S.M., Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur - S.N.D., S.N.D. de N., Sulpicians - P.S.S., Trappists - O.C.R., O.C.S.O. [V?], ), including the Latin Rite and the Eastern Rite Churches: (Armenian 5 Catholic Church, Chaldean C.C., Coptic C.C., Marionite C.C., Melkite C.C., Syrian C.C.); Old Catholicism; Anglican Communion
Eastern Orthodox Family Eastern Orthodox, including Orthodox churches from Russia, Greece, Serbia
Protestant / Protestant Denominations Adventist Family: Seventh-Day Adventists [V], Jehovah's Witnesses, British Israelism
Baptist Family: Southern Baptists, American Baptists
Christian Science-Metaphysical Family: Christian Science, New Thought
Communal Family: The Jesus People, Twin Oaks
European Free-Church Family (Anabaptist): Amish, Hutterites, Beachy and Brethren groups, Dunkards, Landmark Baptists, Mennonites
Other Anabaptists: Quakers, including
Friends Vegetarian Society (UK) [V] &
Friends Vegetarian Society (Louisville, KY, US) [V]
Holiness Family: Christian and Missionary Alliance, Church of the Nazarene
Independent Fundamentalist Family: Plymouth Brethren, Fundamentalists
Latter-day Saints / Mormon Family: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (partly Henotheistic), The Community of Christ
Lutheran Family: Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Lutheran church - Missouri Synod
Messianic Judaism: Jews For Jesus, others
Pentecostal Family: Assemblies of God, Church of God (Cleveland, TN)
Pietist-Methodist Family: Scandinavian Pietism, United Methodist Church, other Methodists
Reformed-Presbyterian Family: Reformed, various Presbyterian churches, Congregational, United Church of Christ
Center for Progressive Christianity
Ecumenical Christian Vegetarian [V]
Sikhism
Baha'i Faith
Cherokee
Panentheism Most South American cultures (except the Incas, who were polytheistic), most ancient South East Asian cultures, Process Theology, Creation Spirituality, Panentheist Circle
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Unitarian Universalism Introduction, Groups, World-Wide, Canada, US, Spanish
Green Sanctuary Details, UU World, 7th Principle
Certified Churches Albuquerque NM, Morristown NJ, Portland OR, Upper Valley Norwich VT, Sarnia & Port Huron ON, Harrisburg PA, Hamilton ON, Devon Mainline PA
Almost Certified Ann Arbor MI, Rocky River West Shore OH, Auburn AL, West Chester PA, Yellow Springs OH, Orlando FL, Brookfield WI, Portland OR
UFETA Vegetarian / Vegan Pastor: Gary Kowalski (Burlington, Vermont)
Deism History, Beliefs & Practices
Tom Harpur [V]
Clarke, Collins & Voltaire [V]
Locke's Empiricism
Famous Deists Denis Diderot, Benjamin Franklin [V], William Hogarth, David Hume, Thomas Jefferson [V], Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, John Locke, James Madison, Thomas Paine [V], Baruch Spinoza, Voltaire [V], George Washington
United Deist Community
Pantheism: Classic ('classical', dualistic', or 'archaic') Most North American natives (except Cherokee who were monotheistic), Mahayana Buddhism, Zen Buddhism (fusion of Mahayana Buddhism & Taoism), Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, Baruch Spinoza, Some New Age Groups
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Pantheism: Modern ('scientific pantheism', 'naturalistic pantheism', 'spiritual naturalism') Universal Pantheist Society / Web Site
World Pantheist Movement UK Site
WPM Vegetarians [V]
Naturalistic Spirituality
Agnosticism Thomas Henry Huxley
Rationalism
Atheism Theravada Buddhism
Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Logical Positivism
Materialism
Humanism Christian
Philosophical
Renaissance
Literary
Cultural
Modern (Atheist & Agnostic) Secular Council for Secular Humanism
HAT Discussions & Talks
Religious Ethical Culture Societies
Society for Humanistic Judaism
Church of Spiritual Humanism
HUUmanists (affiliated with Unitarian Universalism)
Universism & Freethought Universism, Freethought, United Universists, Toronto Secular Alliance

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